{"id":83,"date":"2021-01-25T07:18:55","date_gmt":"2021-01-25T07:18:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thecubicfeetdesign.com\/blog\/?p=83"},"modified":"2022-09-05T11:05:03","modified_gmt":"2022-09-05T06:05:03","slug":"hagia-sophia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thecubicfeetdesign.com\/blog\/hagia-sophia\/","title":{"rendered":"The Byzantine Architecture of the Hagia Sophia"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Hagia Sophia\u2019s literal meaning is \u201cHoly Wisdom\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Hagia Sophia anchors the Old City of Istanbul and has served for centuries as a landmark for both Orthodox Christians and Muslims, as its significance has shifted with that of the dominant culture in the Turkish city.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is a beautiful and intricate building still standing strong after 1400 years of age, which is symbolic of how great byzantine architecture was. It is a standing and one of the optimum examples of byzantine architecture.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>Byzantine Architecture:<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Byzantine art originated and evolved from the Christianized Greek culture of the Eastern Roman Empire; content from both Christianity and classical Greek mythology were artistically expressed through Hellenistic modes of style and iconography.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Byzantine architecture is a style of building that flourished under the rule of Roman Emperor Justinian between A.D. 527 and 565. In addition to extensive use of interior mosaics, its defining characteristic is a heightened dome, the result of the latest sixth-century engineering techniques.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Built in 6<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">th<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> century; Hagia Sophia <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is a domed monument originally built as a cathedral in Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey) and in its 1,400-year life-span it has served as a cathedral, museum and mosque simultaneously.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>Structure of Hagia Sophia:<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is one of the most important Byzantine structures in the world. Hagia Sophia combines a longitudinal basilica and a centralised building in a unique Byzantine way\u2014with a huge 32-metre main dome supported on pendentives (triangular segment of a spherical surface) and two semi-domes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-84 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.thecubicfeetdesign.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/14.png\" alt=\"Structure of Hagia Sophia:\" width=\"534\" height=\"627\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.thecubicfeetdesign.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/14.png 534w, https:\/\/www.thecubicfeetdesign.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/14-256x300.png 256w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 534px) 100vw, 534px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Built by the eastern Roman emperor Justinian I as the Christian cathedral of Constantinople for the state church of the Roman Empire between 532 and 537, the church was then the world&#8217;s largest interior space and among the first to employ a fully pendentive dome.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-86 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.thecubicfeetdesign.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/16.png\" alt=\"history of architecture\" width=\"646\" height=\"345\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.thecubicfeetdesign.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/16.png 646w, https:\/\/www.thecubicfeetdesign.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/16-300x160.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 646px) 100vw, 646px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is considered to have &#8220;changed the history of architecture&#8221;. The building was designed by the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greeks\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Greek<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> geometers <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Isidore_of_Miletus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Isidore of Miletus<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anthemius_of_Tralles\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Anthemius of Tralles<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The marble used for the floor and ceiling was produced in Anatolia (present-day eastern Turkey) and<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/the-history-of-syria\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Syria<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, while other bricks (used in the walls and parts of the floor) came from as far away as North Africa. The interior of Hagia Sophia is lined with enormous marble slabs that are said to have been designed to imitate moving water.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And, the Hagia Sophia\u2019s 104 columns were imported from the Temple of Artemis in<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/ephesus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ephesus<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, as well as from Egypt.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The building measures some 269 feet in length and 240 feet in width and, at its highest point, the domed roof stretches some 180 feet into the air. When the first dome suffered a partial collapse in 557, its replacement was designed by Isidore the Younger (the nephew of Isidoros, one of the original architects) with structural ribs and a more pronounced arc, and this version of the structure remains in place today.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since the time it was made, it has attracted people to visit form all over the world to visit this expender example of architecture.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>Interior of Hagia Sophia:<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Byzantine elements of Hagia Sophia are present in the interior&#8217;s grand dome, its massive marble pillars, and the intricate mosaics of Jesus and the Virgin Mary, angels, and saints that were uncovered when the building was transformed from a mosque into a museum. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The interior of Hagia Sophia is lined with enormous marble slabs that are said to have been designed to imitate moving water.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After the<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fall_of_Constantinople\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fall of Constantinople<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ottoman_Empire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ottoman Empire<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in 1453, it was <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conversion_of_non-Islamic_places_of_worship_into_mosques\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">converted to a mosque<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> by <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mehmed_the_Conqueror\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mehmed the Conqueror<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The patriarchate moved to the <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Church of the Holy Apostles<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">which became the city&#8217;s cathedral. Although some parts of the city had fallen into disrepair, the cathedral had been maintained with funds set aside for this purpose, and the Christian cathedral made a strong impression on the new Ottoman rulers who conceived its conversion.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">From its initial conversion until the construction in 1616 of the nearby<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sultan_Ahmed_Mosque\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sultan Ahmed Mosque<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, aka the Blue Mosque, it was the <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">principal mosque<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of Istanbul. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the Hagia Sophia was renovated into a mosque. As part of the conversion, the Ottomans covered many of the original Orthodox-themed mosaics with Islamic calligraphy designed by Kazasker Mustafa \u0130zzet.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-87 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.thecubicfeetdesign.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/17.png\" alt=\"Kazasker Mustafa \u0130zzet\" width=\"400\" height=\"601\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.thecubicfeetdesign.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/17.png 400w, https:\/\/www.thecubicfeetdesign.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/17-200x300.png 200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The panels or medallions, which were hung on the columns in the nave, feature the names of Allah, the Prophet Muhammad, the first four Caliphs, and the Prophet\u2019s two grandsons.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The mosaic on the main dome\u2014believed to be an image of Christ\u2014was also covered by gold calligraphy.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A mihrab or nave was installed in the wall, as is tradition in mosques, to indicate the direction toward Mecca, one of the holy cities of Islam. Ottoman Emperor Kanuni Sultan S\u00fcleyman (1520 to 1566) installed two bronze lamps on each side of the mihrab, and Sultan Murad III (1574 to 1595) added two marble cubes from the Turkish city of Bergama, which date back to 4 B.C.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Four minarets were also added to the original building during this period, partly for religious purposes (for the muezzin call to prayer) and partly to fortify the structure following earthquakes that struck the city around this <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">time.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Under the rule of Sultan Abd\u00fclmecid, between 1847 and 1849, the Hagia Sophia underwent an extensive renovation led by Swiss architects the Fossati brothers. At this time, the H\u00fcnk\u00e2r Mahfili (a separate compartment for emperors to use for prayer) was removed and replaced with another near the mihrab.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-88 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.thecubicfeetdesign.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/18.png\" alt=\"mihrab\" width=\"400\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.thecubicfeetdesign.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/18.png 400w, https:\/\/www.thecubicfeetdesign.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/18-200x300.png 200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Byzantine architecture of the Hagia Sophia served as inspiration for many other religious buildings from the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hagia_Sophia,_Thessaloniki\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hagia Sophia, Thessaloniki<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panagia_Ekatontapiliani\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Panagia Ekatontapiliani<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to the Blue Mosque, the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C5%9Eehzade_Mosque\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u015eehzade Mosque<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S%C3%BCleymaniye_Mosque\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S\u00fcleymaniye Mosque<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R%C3%BCstem_Pasha_Mosque\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">R\u00fcstem Pasha Mosque<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/K%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7_Ali_Pasha_Complex\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 Ali Pasha Complex<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The complex remained a mosque until 1931, when it was closed to the public for four years. It was re-opened in 1935 as a museum by the <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">secular<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Republic of Turkey. In Year 2020, Turkish President Rajip Tayyip Erd<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ogan converted the museum into mosque again.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-89 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.thecubicfeetdesign.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/19.png\" alt=\"mosque \" width=\"400\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.thecubicfeetdesign.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/19.png 400w, https:\/\/www.thecubicfeetdesign.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/19-200x300.png 200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Byzantine Architecture in today\u2019s world:<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">More recently, many official buildings built in the US are very strongly influenced by Roman architecture. Roman arches are also found in modern architecture, such as the interior of Union Station in Washington D.C. While initially developed by the Greeks, arches were incorporated into Roman architecture early on.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>See Also:<\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecubicfeetdesign.com\/blog\/architecture-vs-interior-design\/\">Architecture vs Interior Design<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hagia Sophia\u2019s literal meaning is \u201cHoly Wisdom\u201d The Hagia Sophia anchors the Old City of Istanbul and has served for centuries as a landmark for both Orthodox Christians and Muslims.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":85,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-83","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-architecture"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ 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